82. The hydrologic(水文地质的)cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).
83. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
84. In the early 1950's historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began，for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人)who had hitherto (迄今)usually filled history books.
85. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian(农民)discontent (不满)that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速)by the closing of the internal frontier-that is ，the depletion (枯竭)of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
86. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure's blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments，and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
87. The best evidence for the layered mantle (地幔)thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes (地柱)arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system,whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
88. In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.
89. But these beliefs about peptide hormones (肽激素)were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums(抗血清)to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus(下丘脑), indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
