Legend tells us that the city of <<<>>> was established in 152 BC. It‘s a fact， however， that by 100 AD， Rome was the center of a vast empire. It ranged from Syria in the east to Spain in the west. It stretched from Britain in the north to Africa in the south. All or part of 27 of today’s countries were included in the Roman Empire. All of their people were ruled by one government， that of Rome. All educated citizens spoke the same language， Latin. And one of the empire‘s many outposts was called Londinium. This unimportant town would later become London， England， and the center of another empire.

　　The Roman Empire collapsed about 1，5000 years ago. Yet in some ways， it is still with us. Take the letters you are reading fox example. English， like many other languages， uses the Roman alphabet while also borrowing many word. The laws of many European countries are based on ancient Roman laws. Roman ruins are scattered throughout Europe，

　　North Africa， and the Middle East. In some places， Roman roads and water courses are still in use. To this day， and European in North Africa is likely to be called “Roumi”—Roman. Even modern place names are often inherited from ancient <<<>>>. Both and <<<>>> bear the names given them by the Romans rather than the names that their own people first called them.

　　( )9. The most northern part of the was _______.

　　A. Spain

　　B. Africa

　　C. Syria

　　D. <<< >>>

　　( )10. The main idea of paragraph 2 is that Roman culture is ________.

　　A. dead and buried

　　B. based completely on language

　　C. still part of the present

　　D. unimportant to history

　　( )11. In the days of the Empire， the Roman government was probably _______.

　　A. strong

　　B. divided

　　C. weak

　　D. poor

　　( )12. What happened first?

　　A. Londinium was an outpost

　　B. The Roman Empire fell apart.

　　C. The city of <<<>>> was founded.

　　D. <<<>>> became the center of an empire.

　　When water is heated until it boils， bubbles of gas appear and rise through the hot liquid. When an electric current passes through water in a process called electrolysis (電解)， bubbles of gas appear and rise through the liquid. Superficially (表面地)， the two events appear same.

　　If the gas from the boiling water is examined， its properties are found to be the same as those of the water， Thus， if the steam is cooled to room temperature， a liquid is formed which is indistinguishable from the original water. When， however， the gas from the electrolysis equipment is cooled to room temperature， it remains a gas rather than becoming a liquid. Nor will it， at zero degrees centigrade or below， turn to solid， as will the gas from boiling water， These two processes， boiling and electrolysis， have clearly resulted in products with quite different properties.

　　In boiling， the gas does not represent a new substance， but only a different state of the original substance. Electrolysis， on the other hand， has generated a product which is a new substance， or possibly a mixture of new substances. A change in state as represented by going from a liquid to a gas without the production of new substances in called a “physical change”。 However， when a process takes place that produces new substances， this is called a “chemical change” or a “chemical reaction”。 In a chemical reaction， the initial substances are replaced by a new set of substances or products.

　　( )13. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

　　A. Electrolysis

　　B. Physical and Chemical Changes

　　C. Different Types of Water

　　D. Water Temperatures

　　( )14. At a temperature slightly above zero degrees centigrade， which of the following is true of gas produced by electrolysis?

　　A. It does not become liquid.

　　B. It cannot be distinguished from water.