四、如何开端和结尾

　　文章开端的常见写法

　　1. 背景法：说明事件发生的时间、地点、情景等背景。如：

　　I was once spending the month of 1982 in a small seaside village in the south of China. It is a wonderful place quiet and not fashionable. People usually do not go there.

　　2. 人物法：交代文章所要描述的主要人物或有关人物。如：

　　Once upon a time there was an honest old fellow named Hans. He had a kind heart and a funny, round, good humoured face. He lived in a tiny cottage all alone, and every day he worked in his garden.

　　alone 独自一人

　　lonely 孤独的

　　3. 主题句法：提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。如：

　　One of the most notable phases of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities --the shifting of population from rural districts to the urban centers.

　　rural 乡村的unban 城市的

　　4. 问题法：用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容，以吸引读者的注意力。如：

　　What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man who studies and applies physics, chemistry, medicine, engineering or any other science?

　　5. 惊语法：用令人感到惊奇的句子开头，激起读者的兴趣。如：

　　A 39-storeyed building in construction collapsed in the city yesterday.

　　6. 故事法：以讲述一段故事作为引子，在此基础上展开故事情节。如：

　　I was spending the night in my aunt's villa one summer. That night, being on a strange bed and feeling excited prevented me from sleeping. I slipped out of bed and went to the bathroom. Suddenly, a strange noise coming from behind made me spin around.

　　villa 别墅

　　prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事

　　spin around 使人头晕目眩

　　7. 数据法：引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引起话题。如：

　　The fact that less than 5% of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising, especially when compared with the American percentage of over 30%

　　8. 引语法：摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语，作为文章的开端。如:

　　Happiness is very important to our life. Shakespeare said, "One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result."

　　be important to

　　9. 定义法：常见于对标题下定义，然后通过举例，逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。如：

　　A true good student is one who possesses good morality, sound health, perfect knowledge and various abilities.

　　morality 道德品质

　　sound a